Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a lawyer, politician and statesman, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah is popularly and officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-i-Azam ("Great Leader") and Baba-i-Qaum ("Father of the Nation"). His birthday is a national holiday in Pakistan. Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on 14 August 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from independence until his death on 11 September 1948.
Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress (Congress) in the first two decades of the 20th century, initially advocating Hindu-Muslim unity and helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. Jinnah also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims should a united British India become independent.
The first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim refugees who had emigrated from India. He also assumed the role and title of 'Protector General of the Hindu Minority' during Hindu-Muslim riots which accompanied the separation. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Raj. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, where he is recognized as 'Quaid-e-Azam' (Great Leader) and 'Baba-e-Qaum' (Father of the Nation), and according to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, remains Pakistan's greatest leader.
Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)
Muhammad Ayub Khan (May 14 1907 – 19 April 1974), was the second President of Pakistan and first military dictator from October 1958 until being pressured to resign on March 1969. A self-appointed five-star field marshal, he was the first chief martial law administrator after appointed by the President Iskander Mirza in 1958 until the promulgation of new constitution in 1962. Graduating from the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst in 1928, he had a successful career through World War II as a British Indian Army officer. After that war, Khan opted for Pakistan while stationed in East-Pakistan in 1947, and got a four-star assignment as the country's first native army chief of staff in 1951 by then-Prime Minister Lyakat Ali Khan. His controversial promotion over several senior officers came in the face of interference from the civil bureaucracy throughout this time, so that he became close to President Iskander Mirza.
Remaining a strong supporter President's decision to declare martial law in 1958, he was appointed him as country's first chief martial law administrator to enforce his martial law in the country by President Mirza. In a mere two weeks, he ousted and relieved President Mirza and assumed the presidency to enforce military dictatorship in the country. After appointing himself as field marshal, he was succeeded as army chief of staff by general Musa Khan in 1958. Initially allying with the United States and the West, Khan pushed to develop closer relations with the United States, and verbally allowing the U.S. to operate a covert intelligence base that was used to launch secret missions deep into the Soviet Union; these missions led to the disastrous diplomatic incident, souring relations with the Soviet Union. His economic initiatives included the promotion of the private-sector industrialization and the introduction of Western capitalism with free-market microeconomics principles, making the country one of the fastest growing economic powers in Asia. His policies halted and gave less priority to nuclear deterrence, but other hand started the space programme, while keenly reducing the funding for the other military forces; the goal was to keep pressure on India while reducing federal deficits.
Pressured by the West to restore democracy, Khan held the presidential elections and campaigned against populist Fatima Jinnah whom he defeated her through rigging the elections and using the full force of repression on her supporters. After the war with India in 1965, his presidency suffered great turbulence, and the bitter compromise with India finalised the collapse of his presidency. Public resentment and violent demonstrations forced him to resign from the office with extremely low overall public approval ratings. His tenure is regarded as the "Great Decade", but is vehemently criticized for suppressing democracy and dissolving democratic institutions, to keep the people unaware of the country's policies and politics.
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
Chaudhry Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan, (February 6, 1893 - September 1, 1985) was a Pakistani politician, diplomat, international jurist, and scholar of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, known for drafting the Pakistan Resolution, first foreign minister of Pakistan, for his representation of Pakistan at the United Nations, and serving as a judge at the International Court of Justice in The Hague.
The son of the leading attorney of his native city Daska, Zafarullah Khan studied at Government College, Lahore and received his LL.B. from King's College London, in 1914. He practiced law in Sialkot and Lahore, became a member of the Punjab Legislative Council in 1926, and was a delegate in 1930, 1931, and 1932 to the Round Table Conferences on Indian reforms in London, England. In 1931–1932 he was president of the Muslim League, and he sat on the British Viceroy's Executive Council as its Muslim member from 1935 to 1941. He led the Indian delegation to the League of Nations in 1939, and from 1941 to 1947 he served as a judge of the Federal Court of India.
Prior to the partition of India in 1947, Zafarullah Khan drafted the Pakistan Resolution and presented the Muslim League's view of the future boundaries of Pakistan to Sir Cyril Radcliffe, the man designated to decide the boundaries between India and Pakistan. Upon the independence of Pakistan, Zafarullah Khan became the new country's minister of foreign affairs and served concurrently as leader of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations (1947–1954). From 1954 to 1961, he served as a member of the International Court of Justice at The Hague. He again represented Pakistan at the United Nations (1961–1964) and served as president of the UN General Assembly in 1962 to 1963. Returning to the International Court of Justice in 1964, he served as the court's president from 1970 to 1973.
Abdul Sattar Edhi
Abdul Sattar Edhi, is a Pakistani philanthropist known for international humanitarian work. He is the founder and head of Edhi Foundation, a non-profit social welfare program in Pakistan. Together with his wife, Bilquis Edhi, he received the 1986 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service. He is also the recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize and the Balzan Prize. In 2006, Institute of Business Administration Pakistan conferred an honoris causa degree of Doctor of Social Service Management for his services. In September 2010, Edhi was also awarded an honorary degree of Doctorate by the University of Bedfordshire.
Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress (Congress) in the first two decades of the 20th century, initially advocating Hindu-Muslim unity and helping to shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress. Jinnah also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League, and proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims should a united British India become independent.
Quaid-e-Azam with Ex-president General Ayyub Khan
By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that Indian Muslims should have their own state, and his party gained strength as Congress refused to cooperate with the British. The League, which from that year supported a separate nation for Muslims, won most reserved Muslim seats in the elections of 1946. Ultimately, Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula for a united India, leading both organizations, and the British, to agree to separate independence for a predominately-Hindu India, and a Muslim state, to be called Pakistan.The first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of Muslim refugees who had emigrated from India. He also assumed the role and title of 'Protector General of the Hindu Minority' during Hindu-Muslim riots which accompanied the separation. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Raj. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, where he is recognized as 'Quaid-e-Azam' (Great Leader) and 'Baba-e-Qaum' (Father of the Nation), and according to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, remains Pakistan's greatest leader.
Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)
Remaining a strong supporter President's decision to declare martial law in 1958, he was appointed him as country's first chief martial law administrator to enforce his martial law in the country by President Mirza. In a mere two weeks, he ousted and relieved President Mirza and assumed the presidency to enforce military dictatorship in the country. After appointing himself as field marshal, he was succeeded as army chief of staff by general Musa Khan in 1958. Initially allying with the United States and the West, Khan pushed to develop closer relations with the United States, and verbally allowing the U.S. to operate a covert intelligence base that was used to launch secret missions deep into the Soviet Union; these missions led to the disastrous diplomatic incident, souring relations with the Soviet Union. His economic initiatives included the promotion of the private-sector industrialization and the introduction of Western capitalism with free-market microeconomics principles, making the country one of the fastest growing economic powers in Asia. His policies halted and gave less priority to nuclear deterrence, but other hand started the space programme, while keenly reducing the funding for the other military forces; the goal was to keep pressure on India while reducing federal deficits.
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
Prior to the partition of India in 1947, Zafarullah Khan drafted the Pakistan Resolution and presented the Muslim League's view of the future boundaries of Pakistan to Sir Cyril Radcliffe, the man designated to decide the boundaries between India and Pakistan. Upon the independence of Pakistan, Zafarullah Khan became the new country's minister of foreign affairs and served concurrently as leader of Pakistan's delegation to the United Nations (1947–1954). From 1954 to 1961, he served as a member of the International Court of Justice at The Hague. He again represented Pakistan at the United Nations (1961–1964) and served as president of the UN General Assembly in 1962 to 1963. Returning to the International Court of Justice in 1964, he served as the court's president from 1970 to 1973.
Abdul Sattar Edhi
Hakim Muhammad Saeed
Hakim Muhammad Saeed (January 9, 1920 - October 17, 1998), was a prominent and world acclaimed medical researcher, scholar, philanthropist, and a former Governor of Sindh Province of Pakistan from 1993 until 1996. Said was one of Pakistan's most renowned medical researchers in the field of eastern medicines. He established the Hamdard Foundation in 1948, prior to his settlement in West-Pakistan. In a few years time, the herbal medical products of Hamdard Foundation became household names in Pakistan. Hakim Muhammad Said authored and compiled about 200 books in medicines, philosophy, science, health, religion, natural medicine, literary, social, and travelogues.On October 17 in 1998, Said was assassinated by a group of unknown assailants while he was on his way to attend a medical experiment at the Hamdard Laboratories.
Ayub Khan Ommaya
Ayub Khan Ommaya, MD, ScD (h.c.), FRCS, FACS (April 14, 1930, Mian Channu - July 11, 2008, Islamabad) was a Pakistani neurosurgeon and the inventor of the Ommaya reservoir. The reservoir is used to provide chemotherapy directly to the tumor site for brain tumors. Ommaya was also a leading expert in traumatic brain injuries.
Neurosurgeon and authority on brain injury. Born April 14, 1930, in Mian Chanuu, Pakistan, aa died on July 11, 2008, in Islamabad, Pakistan.
To anyone delivering chemotherapy to the cerebrospinal fluid, the name Ommaya will be associated with one word: “reservoir”. To those who followed the 1997 Massachusetts trial of the British nanny Louise Woodward charged with shaking to death the baby Matthew Eappen, the name may conjure up recollections of a witness who gave evidence for the defence. To many more—friends, patients, and colleagues—Ommaya was simply the talented neurosurgeon who would seize any opportunity to deliver an operatic aria, whether across the dining table or in the operating theatre.
Born in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and was a national champion swimmer. aa received his medical degree from King Edward Medical College in Pakistan in 1953 and, as a Rhodes Scholar, received his master's degree from Balliol College, Oxford University, in 1956. During medical school, aa trained as an amateur boxer and was a member of the crew team at Balliol.
Before Dr. Ommaya's work in the 1960s, there was no effective way to deliver chemotherapy treatments for brain tumors. His invention of the Ommaya reservoir, a plastic dome-shaped device with a catheter attached to the underside, made possible the delivery of chemotherapy to the brain and spinal cord. In addition, the device served as a prototype for all medical ports now in use.
To anyone delivering chemotherapy to the cerebrospinal fluid, the name Ommaya will be associated with one word: “reservoir”. To those who followed the 1997 Massachusetts trial of the British nanny Louise Woodward charged with shaking to death the baby Matthew Eappen, the name may conjure up recollections of a witness who gave evidence for the defence. To many more—friends, patients, and colleagues—Ommaya was simply the talented neurosurgeon who would seize any opportunity to deliver an operatic aria, whether across the dining table or in the operating theatre.
Born in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and was a national champion swimmer. aa received his medical degree from King Edward Medical College in Pakistan in 1953 and, as a Rhodes Scholar, received his master's degree from Balliol College, Oxford University, in 1956. During medical school, aa trained as an amateur boxer and was a member of the crew team at Balliol.
Before Dr. Ommaya's work in the 1960s, there was no effective way to deliver chemotherapy treatments for brain tumors. His invention of the Ommaya reservoir, a plastic dome-shaped device with a catheter attached to the underside, made possible the delivery of chemotherapy to the brain and spinal cord. In addition, the device served as a prototype for all medical ports now in use.
Mohammad Abdul Ahed
Mohammad Abdul Ahed (1919 - November 2001) was an architect and painter from Pakistan. He is primarily known for designing State Bank of Pakistan building in Islamabad and the General Post Office, Karachi.
M. A. Ahed (Mohammad Abdul Ahed) (1919 - 2001), was born at Hyderabad Deccan Andhra Pradesh . During his school years, he used to draw and paint and often submitted his work for local competitions, occasionally winning an award. When he passed high school, he wanted to study painting. His elder brother however arranged for him to go to the Sir J.J. School of Art, Bombay, in 1940, on condition that he study architecture, painting being considered a not too viable profession to make a living. Although he was offered a job in Bombay, he chose to return to Hyderabad in 1943 and joined the Town Planning Department there. In 1948 he proceeded to the United Kingdom to continue his studies in architecture at the Leicester College of Arts and Technology, an institute affiliated with the University of London. He obtained his Diploma in Architecture in 1950, and was subsequently elected Associate Member of the Royal Institute of British Architects (ARIBA). During this period he also worked at the Leicestershire County Council and remembers the hardships of the post-World War II years. In 1951 he came to Karachi and joined the Pak PWD under Mehdi Ali Mirza, the doyen of Pakistani architects. Ahed remained at the Pak PWD for nearly 14 years, the last six as senior architect. During this period he was responsible for designing several important buildings for the government in both East and West Pakistan. Together with Mirza, he helped establish the first school of architecture in Karachi.
Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi
Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi, born Ahmad Shah Awan on November 20, 1916 –died July 10, 2006) was a legendary Urdu and English language Pakistani poet, journalist, literary critic, dramatist and short story author. He wrote 50 books including poetry, fiction, criticism, journalism and art. He was a major figure in contemporary Urdu literature. His poetry stood out among his contemporaries' work for its unflinching humanism, and his Urdu afsana (novel) work is considered by some second only to Prem Chand in its masterful depiction of rural culture. He was also editor and publisher of literary magazine Funoon for almost half a century, grooming generations of new writers. He wrote many English poems and short stories. His poem The Feed is included in the syllabus of intermediate classes in Pakistan. He received awards the Pride of Performance in 1968 and Sitara-e-Imtiaz in 1980 for his literary work.